BISCAYNE PARK

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During the middle of the 20th century, examination of the maps and photographs from the previous century provided clear evidence that the 150 glaciers known to have existed in the park a hundred years earlier had greatly retreated, and in many cases disappeared altogether.
Restoring the five hotels in the park by bringing them up to the current fire codes and performing stabilization work, would cost another $100-135 million.
Glacier National Park contains two mountain ranges, over 130 named lakes, more than 1,000 different species of plants and hundreds of species of animals.
The National Park Service has the smallest staff of any major federal agency, yet oversees over 84 million acres (340,000 km²).
The rocks in Glacier National Park are the best preserved Proterozoic sedimentary rocks in the world, and have proved to be some of the world's most fruitful sources for records of early life.
The impact of glacier retreat on the park's ecosystems is not fully known, but cold water dependent plant and animal species could suffer due to a loss of habitat.
The park is bordered on the north by Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta, and the Flathead Provincial Forest and Akamina-Kishinena Provincial Park in British Columbia.
Today, only Sperry Chalet and Granite Park Chalet are still in operation, while a building formerly belonging to Two Medicine Chalet is now Two Medicine Store.
Snowmobiling is illegal in the park, but cross-country skiing is permitted in the lower altitude valleys on the east and western sides of the park.
When the Blackfeet Reservation was first established in 1855 by the Lame Bull Treaty, it included the eastern area of the current park up to the Continental Divide.
Unlike a few other parks, Glacier National Park has yet to be protected as wilderness, but National Park Service policy requires that identified areas listed in the report be managed as wilderness until congress renders a full decision.
However, during the 1980s, the glaciers in the park began a steady period of loss of glacial ice, which continues into the the 2000s.
^ National Park Service, Backcountry Guide 2006 , pdf, Glacier National Park, URL accessed April 22, 2006.
Due to the presence of bears and other large mammals, dogs are not permitted on any trails in the park, though they are permitted at front country campsites that can accessed by a vehicle, and along paved roads.
^ Glacier National Park, A Fire Ecosystem , Glacier National Park Wildland Fire Management, URL accessed April 27, 2006.
The extensive glacier retreat that has been observed in Glacier National Park, as well as in other regions worldwide, is a key indicator of climatic changes on a worldwide scale.
^ Glacier National Park, Video Clips of Logan Pass, McDonald Creek, and Bird Woman Falls , National Park Service, (June 16, 2001), URL accessed May 13, 2006.
^ Glacier National Park, What is the weather like in Glacier? , Frequently asked questions, URL accessed May 12, 2006.
The lakes of Glacier National Park remain cold year round, with temperatures rarely above 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 Â°C) at their surface.
[14] Two hundred waterfalls are scattered throughout the park, however, during dryer times of the year, many of these are reduced to a trickle.
One of the most dramatic evidences of this overthrust is visible in the form of Chief Mountain, an isolated peak on the edge of the eastern boundary of the park rising 4,500 feet (1,371 m) above the Great Plains.
The railway also built Glacier Park Lodge , adjacent to the park on its east side, and the Many Glacier Hotel on the east shore of Swiftcurrent Lake.
A series of explorations after 1850 helped to shape the understanding of the area that later became the park.
During the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps developed many of the park's trails and campgrounds.
The rocks found in the park are primarily sedimentary in origin, having been laid down in shallow seas over 1.
In 1891, the Great Northern Railway crossed the Continental Divide at Marias Pass (5,213 ft/1,589 m), which is along the southern boundary of the park.
[34] Other large mammals such as the mountain goat (the official park symbol), bighorn sheep , moose , elk and mule deer , coyote and the rarely seen mountain lion , are either plentiful or common.
[11] The mandate of the National Park Service is to preserve and protect natural and cultural resources.
^ Harrison, Laura Soullière, Great Northern Railway Buildings , Architecture in the Parks, National Park Service, 1986 URL accessed on April 20, 2006.
Glacier National Park (US) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Glacier National Park borders Waterton Lakes National Park in Canada — the two parks are known as the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park , and were designated as the world's first International Peace Park in 1932.
[22] At the time the park was created, Jackson Glacier was part of Blackfoot Glacier, but the two separated into different glaciers by 1939.
Unlike in Yellowstone National Park , which commenced a wolf reintroduction program in the 1990's, wolves have existed almost continuously in Glacier.
Waterton -Glacier-International Peace Park (w/ Canada).
[41] 110 miles (177 km) of the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail spans most of the distance of the park north to south, with a few alternate routes at lower elevations if high altitude passes are closed due to snow.
Also known simply as the Sun Road, the road bisects the park and is the only route that ventures deep into the park, going over the Continental Divide at Logan Pass (6,670 feet, 2033 m) at the midway point.
House of Representatives, Statement by David Mihalic, Superintendent, Glacier National Park , Committee on Resources Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands, URL accessed May 9, 2006.
While exploring the Marias River in 1806, the Lewis and Clark Expedition came within 50 miles (80 km) of the area that is now the park.
Virtually all the plants and animals which existed at the time white explorers first entered the region are present in the park today.
The pollution level is currently viewed as negligible, and the park lakes and waterways have a water quality rating of A-1, the highest rating given by the state of Montana.
After the park was well established and visitors began to rely more on automobiles , work was begun on the 53 mile (85 km) long Going-to-the-Sun Road , completed in 1932.
Increased population and the growth of suburban areas near parklands, has led to the development of what is known as Wildland Urban Interface Fire Management, in which the park cooperates with adjacent property owners in improving safety and fire awareness.
The company lobbied the United States Congress , and in 1900, the park was designated as a forest preserve.
[19] During the Little Ice Age, the glaciers in the park expanded and advanced, although to nowhere near as great an extent as they had during the Ice Age.
[13] In anticipation of the 100th anniversary of the park in 2010, major reconstruction of the Going-to-the-Sun Road is underway, and temporary road closures are expected in the 2007 season.
^ Harrison, Laura Soullière, Lake McDonald Lodge , Architecture in the Parks, National Park Service, 1986, URL accessed on April 20, 2006.
[10] Visitation to Glacier National Park averages slightly less than 2 million visitors annually, however a relative few venture far from main roadways and hotels.
[17] The discovery of the Appekunny Formation , a well preserved rock stratum in the park, pushed back the established date for the origination of animal life a full billion years.
Vacationers commonly took pack trips on horseback between the lodges or utilized the seasonal stagecoach routes to gain access to the Many Glacier area in the northeast.
Glaciers Glacier National Park is dominated by mountains which were carved into their present shapes by the huge glaciers of the last ice age ; these glaciers have largely disappeared over the 15,000 years.
^ Uhler, John Welcome to the Glacier National Park Information Page , (2002), URL accessed April 22, 2006.
[7] The buildings constructed by the Great Northern Railway (Sperry and Granite Park Chalets, Many Glacier Hotel, and Two Medicine Store) are now on the list of National Historic Landmarks [8] as is the Lake McDonald Lodge.
In 1974, a wilderness study was submitted to congress which identified 95% of the acreage of the park as qualifing for wilderness designation.
Recreation Glacier is distant from major cities, and the closest airport is at Kalispell, Montana , southwest of the park.
Forest fires were viewed for many decades as a threat to protected areas such as forests and parks.
[1] The famed Going-to-the-Sun Road , a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark , traverses through the heart of the park and crosses the Continental Divide , allowing visitors breathtaking views of the rugged Lewis and Livingston mountain ranges, as well as dense forests, alpine tundra , waterfalls and two large lakes.
The timberline on the eastern side of the park is almost 800 feet (250 m) lower than on the western side of the Continental Divide, due to exposure to the colder winds and weather of the Great Plains.
^ National Park Service, Many Glacier Hotel Historic Structures report , (2002), URL accessed on April 22, 2006.
Glacier National Park (US), Alberta, Alaska, American Black Bear, 2006, American Wigeon, Akamina-Kishinena Provincial Park, 1 E9 m², 1910, Algae, Acadia National Park
[32] The number of grizzlies and lynx in the park is not known for certain, but park biologists believe that there are slightly less than 350 grizzlies parkwide, and a study commenced in 2002 indicated that there were at least 15 lynx in the eastern sections of the park.
Rapid temperature changes have been noted in the region, and in Browning, Montana , which is just east of the park in the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, a world record temperature drop of 100 degrees Fahrenheit (56 °C) in only 24 hours occurred on the night of January 23—24, 1916, when thermometers plunged from 44°F to -56°F (7 to -49°C).
[39] Glacier National Park has a fire management plan which ensures that human caused fires are generally suppressed as they always have been.
Fishing is a popular activity in the park and some of the finest fly fishing in North America can be found in the streams that flow through the park.

6 km²), but by 1979, the same region of the park had glacier ice covering only 1,828 acres (7.
Both parks were designated by the United Nations as Biosphere Reserves in 1976, and in 1995 as World Heritage sites.
On average, one or two bear attacks on humans occur each year; since the creation of the park in 1910, there have been a total of 10 bear related deaths.
The park region provided the Blackfeet shelter from the harsh winter winds of the plains, and supplemented their traditional bison hunts with other game meat.
The great blue heron , tundra swan , Canada goose and American wigeon are species of waterfowl more commonly encountered in the park.
^ Hall, Myrna and Fagre, Daniel, Modeled Climate-Induced glacier change in Glacier National Park, 1850-2100 , Bioscience Vol.
The rocks in the park preserve such features as millimeter-scale lamination, ripple marks, mud cracks, salt-crystal casts, raindrop impressions, oolites and other sedimentary bedding characteristics.
After a forest fire in 2001, a few park roads were temporarily closed the following year to allow thousands of Western toads to migrate to other areas.
[38] A total of 23 species of fish reside in park waters and native game fish species found in the lakes and streams include the cutthroat trout , northern pike , mountain whitefish , Kokanee salmon and grayling.
The backcountry is usually closed in most areas until early June due to the potential risk of avalanches and many trails at higher altitudes are snow packed until July.
^ Glacier National Park, Wildland Urban Interface , Glacier National Park Wildland Fire Management, URL accessed April 27, 2006.
The major campgrounds that allow vehicle access are found throughout the park, most of which are near one of the larger lakes.
[40] In 2003, 136,000 acres (550 km²) burned in the park after a five year drought and a summer season of almost no precipitation.
Coincidentally, the park region was first explored in detail near the end of the Little Ice Age and a systematized survey began in which the number and size of glaciers was documented on maps and by photographic evidence.
[21] After the end of the Little Ice Age in 1850, the glaciers in the park retreated moderately until the 1910s.
Though the park requires that those fishing understand the regulations, no permit is required to fish the waters within the park boundary.
By 2005, only 27 glaciers remained, and scientists generally agree that if the current greenhouse warming continues, all the glaciers in the park will be gone by 2030 (or 2021 when taking amplified feedback into account).
^ National Park Service, Mammal checklist , Mammals of Glacier National Park, URL accessed April 23, 2006.
In 2003, wildfires on the western side of the Continental Divide burned 10% of Glacier National Park.
Over half of the visitors to the park report taking a hike on the park's nearly 700 miles (1,126 km) of trails.
The Blackfeet arrived around the beginning of the 18th century and soon dominated the eastern slopes of what later became the park, as well as the Great Plains immediately to the east.
"[12] In keeping with this mandate, hunting is illegal in the park, as are mining , logging and removal of natural or cultural resources.
There are seven mountains in the park over 10,000 feet (3,050 m) in elevation, with Mount Cleveland (10,466 ft/3,190 m) being the tallest.
George Bird Grinnell came to the region in the late 1880's and was so inspired by the scenery that he spent the next two decades working to establish a national park.
Today, the Blackfeet Indian Reservation borders the park in the east, while the Flathead Indian Reservation is located west and south of the park.
However, the sterile and cold lakes found throughout the park are easily contaminated by airborne pollutants that fall whenever it rains or snows, and some evidence of these pollutants have been found in park waters.
Evidence of widespread glacial action is found throughout the park in the form of U-shaped valleys , glacial cirques , aretes and large outflow lakes radiating like fingers from the base of the highest peaks.
^ National Park Service, The Crown of the Continent Ecosystem , Biodiversity, URL accessed April 23, 2006.

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Biscayne National Park Camping Guide
, Biscayne National Park Camping Guide
The entire park is a wilderness refuge, but the Arsenicker Keys are particularly important as a bird nesting area; do not disturb these keys.
Back to US National Parks Net by John William Uhler Copyright 1997 - 2005 Page Makers, LLC This site is in no way associated with the United States Government, the Department of the Interior or the National Park Service.
Welcome to the Biscayne National Park Camping Guide It is our intent to provide information that will be timely and of assistance in planning a trip, vacation or obtaining data about this park.

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Oleta River State Park, canoe, outfitters, kayaks, books, guides, kayaking, canoeing, links, kayak, paddle, FL, trips, paddling
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Guide to Biscayne National Park - attractions, travel directions, information, contact information
Convoy Point (park headquarters and the Dante Fascell Visitor Center) is located nine miles east of Homestead, Florida, on SW 328 Street.
Since 95% of the park is covered by water, the best way to get to know Biscayne is to get wet (e2)(80)(94206f)r at least get out on a boat.
Within the park boundaries are the longest stretch of mangrove forest left on Florida's east coast, the clear shallow waters of Biscayne Bay, over 40 of the northernmost Florida Keys, and a spectacular living coral reef.
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Interpretive programs are conducted regularly by rangers at the Dante Fascell Visitor Center, where exhibits and films also provide an introduction to the park.
A park concessioner offers several opportunities for those without a boat of their own, including glass bottom boat tours, snorkeling trips, dive trips, island excursions, and canoe kayak rentals.
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Biscayne National Park is 95% water, so seeing anything beyond the visitor center area requires a boat.
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Biscayne National Park Guide

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